;
;
;Ulitimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
;
;This file contains the descriptions of all the Civilization Advances, City Improvements, Wonders of
;the World, Units, and Game Concepts displayed in the Civilopedia. It is designed to be adaptable to
;conform to customized scenarios by the replacing existing text with scenario-specific text.
;
;PLEASE MAKE A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT FILE BEFORE YOU MAKE ANY CHANGES!
;
;
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: This section consists (verbatim) of the following files from the original Civilopedia, ;strung together to make one contiguous section: ADVANC1.PDE, ADVANC2.PDE, ADVANC3.PDE,
;and ADVANC4.PDE. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX
-1,			; Advanced Flight
-1,			; Alphabet
-1,			; Amphibious Warfare
-1,			; Astronomy
-1,			; Atomic Theory
-1,			; Automobile
-1,			; Banking
-1,			; Bridge Building
-1,			; Bronze Working
-1,			; Ceremonial Burial
-1,			; Chemistry
-1,			; Chivalry
-1,			; Code of Laws
-1,			; Combined Arms
-1,			; Combustion
-1,			; Communism
-1,			; Computers
-1,			; Conscription
-1,			; Construction
-1,			; The Corporation
-1,			; Currency
-1,			; Democracy
-1,			; Economics
-1,			; Electricity
-1,			; Electronics
-1,			; Engineering
-1,			; Environmentalism
-1,			; Espionage
-1,			; Explosives
-1,			; Feudalism
-1,			; Flight
-1,			; Fundamentalism
-1,			; Fusion Power
-1,			; Genetic Engineering
-1,			; Guerrilla Warfare
-1,			; Gunpowder
-1,			; Horseback Riding
-1,			; Industrialization
-1,			; Invention
-1,			; Iron Working
-1,			; Labor Union
-1,			; The Laser
-1,			; Leadership
-1,			; Literacy
-1,			; Machine Tools
-1,			; Magnetism
-1,			; Map Making
-1,			; Masonry
-1,			; Mass Production
-1,			; Mathematics
-1,			; Medicine
-1,			; Metallurgy
-1,			; Miniaturization
-1,			; Mobile Warfare
-1,			; Monarchy
-1,			; Monotheism
-1,			; Mysticism
-1,			; Navigation
-1,			; Nuclear Fission
-1,			; Nuclear Power
-1,			; Philosophy
-1,			; Physics
-1,			; Plastics
-1,			; Plumbing
-1,			; Polytheism
-1,			; Pottery
-1,			; Radio
-1,			; Railroad
-1,			; Recycling
-1,			; Refining
-1,			; Refrigeration
-1,			; The Republic
-1,			; Robotics
-1,			; Rocketry
-1,			; Sanitation
-1,			; Seafaring
-1,			; Space Flight
-1,			; Stealth
-1,			; Steam Engine
-1,			; Steel
-1,			; Superconductor
-1,			; Tactics
-1,			; Theology
-1,			; Theory of Gravity
-1,			; Trade
-1,			; University
-1,			; Warrior Code
-1,			; The Wheel
-1,			; Writing
-1,			; Future Technology
-1,			; User Def Tech A
-1,			; User Def Tech B
-1,			; User Def Tech C
-1,			; Extra Advance 1
-1,			; Extra Advance 2
-1,			; Extra Advance 3
-1,			; Extra Advance 4
-1,			; Extra Advance 5
-1,			; Extra Advance 6
-1,			; Extra Advance 7
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Ship Artillery
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Parthian Tactics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Captive Labour
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Furor Celtica
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Barbarian Armies
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Treasury
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Bridge Building
Humans have been constructing crude bridges from the first time they laid logs across a stream or river they needed to cross. Although a brick arch bridge is said to have existed in Babylon in 1800 BC, most bridges of this time period were probably made of wood. The Romans developed bridge building to a degree that it took Western medieval engineers many years to match. Roman bridges were often composed of several stone arches which supported a flat road. Bridges of this type date back to as early as 219 BC. It wasn't until the mid-1800s that bridge designs began to incorporate metal for added strength and permanence. Early truss bridges used wooden trusses bound with iron tie-rods. By 1850, wooden trusses gave way to steel. Modern bridges incorporate designs ranging from concrete and steel arches to steel girder and suspension styles. The development of modern bridges constructed of durable materials was vital to the expansion of the worlds railroad and highway systems.

@@Noble Cavalry
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Mysticism
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Rostrum
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Chatti Raiders
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Code of Laws
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Barbarians
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Empire
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@University
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Mercenaries
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Construction
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Diplomacy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Coinage
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Democracy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Gladiators
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Greek Tragedy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Stone Masonry
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Sarissa
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Scythian Chariots
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Auxiliary Tactics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Corvus
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Foreign Affairs
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Maniple Tactics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Literacy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Aedilitary Council
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Ship Building
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Greek Ecclesia
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Hygiene
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Plate Armour
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Warior Code
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Fortified Harbors
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Oligarchy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Polytheism
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Navigation
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Torsion Weapons
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Sea Trading
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Philosophy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Conscription
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Slavery
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Throwing Engines
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Preexistent Unit
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Medicine
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Geographics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Republic
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Manufacture
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Imperial Army
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Alphabet
The ancestors of modern alphabets were the iconographic and ideographic symbols developed by ancient man, such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics. The first known alphabet, a combination of a number of early pictographic symbols known as North Semetic, was developed between 1700 and 1500 BC. Four other alphabets, South Semetic, Canaanite, Aramaic, and Greek, had evolved from the North Semetic alphabet by 1000 BC. The Roman alphabet, used by all the languages of western Europe including English, was derived from the Greek alphabet sometime after 500 BC. The Roman alphabet became one of the most widespread due to the extensive use of the Latin language during the reign of the Roman Empire. The development of alphabets was significant in the development of advanced civilizations because it allowed history and ideas to be written down, rather than memorized and passed along orally.

@@Hellenism
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Purple Banner
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Elite Fleet
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Customs
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Engineering
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Chariots
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@The Great Kingdom
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@General Uprisings
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Military Parliament
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Elephant Armour
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Noble Hoplites
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Gentile Groups
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Praetoria Guards
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Architecture
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@New Knowledge
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Brick Masonry
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Carthaginian Cavalry
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Pax Romana
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Sanitation
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Seafaring
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Astrolabe
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Cohort Tactics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Geometry
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Celts
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Persian Immortals
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Writing
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Metallurgy
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Horsemanship
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Mahouts
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Buleuterion
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Elephant Domestic.
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Scale Armour
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Iron Casting
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Astronomy
Astronomy originated as simple observation and recording of regular celestial movements for the purpose of time keeping and determining directional bearings. The ancient Greeks were among the first to study astronomy in detail. They described the use of stars for navigation at sea, and recorded the position of constellations during each season of the year for purposes of determining times for planting and harvesting. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus developed the theory that celestial motion could be explained by the fact that the Earth revolved on its axis once every 24 hours, and revolves around the sun along with the other planets. This theory was rejected at the time, only to be rediscovered nearly 2000 years later by Copernicus. These early students of astronomy compiled data that became the cornerstone for modern astronomical research.

@@Trade
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Rhetorics
-Description of this technology may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the IMPROV.PDE text file in the original
;Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Palace will be the 16'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
-1,			; Nothing
15,			; Palace
2,			; Barracks
8,			; Granary
22,			; Temple
12,			; MarketPlace
10,			; Library
6,			; Courthouse
4,			; City Walls
0,			; Aqueduct
1,			; Bank
3,			; Cathedral
23,			; University
13,			; Mass Transit
5,			; Colosseum
7,			; Factory
11,			; Manufacturing Plant
18,			; SDI Defense
17,			; Recycling Center
16,			; Power Plant
9,			; Hydro Plant
14,			; Nuclear Plant
34,			; Stock Exchange
32,			; Sewer System
35,			; Supermarket
36,			; Superhighways
30,			; Research Lab
31,			; SAM Missile Battery
26,			; Coastal Fortress
33,			; Solar Plant
37,			; Harbor
27,			; Offshore Platform
24,			; Airport
28,			; Police Station
29,			; Port Facility
21,			; SS Structural
19,			; SS Component
20,			; SS Module
25,			; (Capitalization)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Aqueduct
As towns grew larger into conglomerates of wooden buildings that presented a real threat of catching fire or spreading diseases and as the hygiene among their dwellers was scarce, people tried harder to contain and eliminate these risks. Thus a new town institution came to existance: the water supplyers who took care of the bursting fires before they consumed the entire city and provided fresh water to the people.

@@Bank
When the new towns were built a serious problem arouse: where to store the most valuable assets of the local comunity. Initially, the Town Hall was the solution and all the valuable goods were kept here. Later on, as the merchants and craftsmen became more and more powerful and their increasing riches often became a temptation for the thiefs, the guarded Treasury became the place where all the funds of the guilds and the town were safely guarded. It eliminated the risks of theft and, by doing so, generated a large profit.

@@Barracks
At first the armies of the Middle Ages consisted of two basic groups of soldiers: the green recruits organized in town militia or the feudal armies of the nobles they paid hommage to or the skilled but expensive mercenary troops for hire. As the chivalry orders of knights came to beeing and as the kings influence grew more and more as to afford a permanent army, training these elite troops became crucial. The Training Grounds and Jousting Fields became both an atraction tom the people and a sure way of asuring that the armies are trained in the latest methods and tactics.

@@Cathedral
Cathedrals and their Moslem equivalent, the mosques, are, without doubt, the highest level in places of worship, the result of sometimes centuries of hard labor and the mastery of the most difficult concepts in the architecture of the Medieval society. Being among the few buildings that were entirely built on a stone structure ment that Cathedrals were the most durable buildings in the city and they often changed beyond recognition the aspect of the city. In addition to their religious significance, cathedrals and mosques acted as the center of social and cultural activity in the town, being by far the most monumental constructions of the time.

@@City Walls
Before the establishment of centralized feudal kingdoms capable of supporting strong, national armies, small settlements were left to fend for themselves when it came to defense. As a result, many towns constructed city walls to protect against raiders and bandits. City walls represented a major investment in both time and materials, requiring years to complete and constant repairs to maintain their strength and integrity. However, these walls turned the city into a fortress capable of withstanding all but the most determined attack.

@@Colosseum
The Medieval society was torn between two worlds by the clergy who claimed to speak for God: the afterlife, were all good or bad men will receive their retribution for their deeds, and the every day life on Earth that kept very little importance. Life conditions were often hard and the only comfort a commoner would have besides going to the church and thinkuing of the holiness of life was to gather together with his peers over a stale glass of ale at the local tavern. That, combined with the fact that taverns also acted as inns and retreats for the travellers insured that these places were always crowded with people.

@@Courthouse
As kingdoms expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the sovereign to maintain control over the more distant regions of his realm. To ensure that the far-flung cities of his domains contributed their expected share of duties and taxes to the king, local magistrates and courts were established. Undesirable people like criminals and rioters were kept in the dungeons by the king's representatives. This reduced crime, and thereby kept the local population productive.

@@Factory
Forges are the first blacksmith workshops which need relative low amounts of raw materials and can increase resource production in the towns. The blacksmiths here are crucial to the development of both army equipment and tools that other laborers such as carpenters or masons use to errect buildings.

@@Granary
Towns are strictly dependable on the development of agriculture in the countryside upon food. However, towns needed a way to store the food throughout all four seasons. To do so, the citizens had to come up with a way to keep seasonal crops for later use. The Storehouse was designed for the protection of surplus food. Food storage technology meant that a smaller percentage of the population could produce and store enough food for everyone, allowing the remainder to pursue other jobs and activities.

@@Hydro Plant
Impressive works of engineering, depending upon the force of the local water courses and rivers, the watermills made the labor of the citizens much easier. Milling flour and using the mechanic power of the water for irrigating, clearing mine shafts or even for lifting building materials and other weights in the air contributed greatly to the welfare of the city.

@@Library
The survival of the Latin aphabet in the scriptoriums of Irish monasteries and the spreading of the Cyrillic alphabet Eastern Europe meant that the accumulated knowledge of the ancients could be written down and stored rather than memorized and passed along by word of mouth. The accumulated written material was stored and enlarged by the monks in Scriptoriums. Through their meticulous activity of collecting and reconditioning the books of the world, they accelerated the spread of knowledge.

@@Manufacture
The Royal Manufactures organized by the king where the most famous and productive specialized workshops of the Middle Ages. They where used by the sovereigns to provide the needed armour and weapons for their permanent armies in the field. In doing so they generate an extra 50% resource production, cumulative with the Forge. 

@@Marketplace
As towns grew and prospered, trade between the farmers, artisans, and craftsmen who lived in the vicinity contributed to the economic health of the city. It soon became apparent that the best way for conducting trade within the city was to have a central location, or marketplace, where the people offering goods and services, or seeking them, could meet and conduct business. As a city's market grew larger and more active, the economic vitality of the city grew as well.

@@Mass Transit
The first institutions that cared for the sick were founded in monasteries under the supervision of the monks. Larger cities that have been struck by the black death also founded specialized hospitals to provide for the sick people and prevent the spread of plague across the countryside. As a result the contagious plague caused  by your citizens is eliminated.

@@Nuclear Power Plant
^Not available
 
@@Palace
The peak of the feudal organization is the King, Primus inter Pares, the one to whom all pay hommage and swear allegiance. The Royal power must be reinforced with grandeur and solemnity because the birth right of rule alone will not sufice in determining the great nobles and pretenders into submission. The Royal Palace, richly adorned, is a source of civic pride, and acts as a symbol of power surrounding the ruler. The king's counselors and magistrates also maintain the law and act promptly against all whio would opose the sovereign.

@@Power Plant
^Not available

@@Recycling Center
One of the fallbacks of large urban manufactures is a vast amount of human waste. As the city continues to grow, steps need to be taken to move the sewage away from inhabited areas and "treat" it so that it does not become a health hazard to humans or harm the surroundings. Catacombs carry wastewater out of the city, into rivers and the sea, thus reducing the risks of infection and plague of the inhabitants. The catacombs of Rome, for example, served as burial grounds for the everincreasing population of the city.

@@SDI Defense
^Not available

@@Spaceship Component
^Wership Caravel-Spanish trade ship, with a very large hull, travelling entirely on the use of sails.

@@Spaceship Module
^Wership Drakkar-Viking Longboat used for inland incursions in Normandy, Britain, Russia, Spain and even Sicily. Most atrocious!

@@Spaceship Structural
^Wership Gauloi-ancient Sumerian trade vessel

@@Temple
Throughout the Dark Ages that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, the Christian Church was a major influence in the revival of European civilization. In recognition of the expanding influence of Christianity, the towns built stone churches to withstand the test of time and to become a symbol of God's power on earth. People were tempered in their atitudes by the guiding hand of the priests and life became more bearable in the harsh conditions of the age.

@@University
The Moslems were regarded as pagans and barbarians by the Christians back then but that didn't stop them from acheiving some of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the age in medicine, literature, mathematics, astronomy, navigation and so on. They owe this cultural flowrishing to their elite clerics, the imams, who were priests trained in the understanding and preaching of the Koran to the comonners. In fact, the Arabian and Moorish culture was probably more advanced than in the Christian Kingdoms as it based itself on the writings of the ancient Greeks, Latins, Indians and even Chinese from whom they translated and adopted their knowledge.

@@Airport
The variety of ports and harbors in a fully developed, late Medieval city, was quite large. Fishing boats, merchant ships and military vessels grew in size and were now capable to withstand at least partially a longer voyage across the sea. The new inventions in navigation that have come through the Arabian peninsula, the compass and the newly rediscovered astrolabe, as well as descoveries in sails and hull designs ment that people could travel longer distances over shorter periods of time. This culminated at the height of the XV'th century with the invention of the caravel and, eventually with the great geographic discoveries that followed.

@@Capitalization
The Crusades started out as a result to the invasion of the Holy Land by the pagan Moslems who were acused by the papacy to have opressed the Christians there and to have closed or destroyed their places of worship. Pope Urban has preached the first "Crusade Prayer" at Clermont in 1095 AD wich resulted in a massive and uncontrollable flow of pilgrims and soldiers to Palestine. The effect was that most people contributed however they could to the success of the expedition, raising huge sums of money and gathering tousands of men under the banner of the Cross.

@@Coastal Fortress
The construction of defensive structures such as city walls and fortified castles dates back to ancient times. City walls were designed primarily to repel an attack launched by ground-based forces, and they performed adequately in such a situation. However, coastal cities were also vulnerable to attack from sea bombardments, since even a city wall left sea ports relatively unprotected. The best way to protect the port was to keep the enemy out of range of the city. This was accomplished by constructing dikes to cover the approach to the city and to effectively close the harbor entrances with massive chains. These coastal fortresses, built at the mouth of the city's harbor or on barrier islands, would hold enemy vessels at bay, turning away or thinning out the attacking force and minimizing damage to the city's port. An example of a formidable "harbor gate" was Constantinopole which resisted to several naval attacks, before finally being conquered.

@@Offshore Platform
Mankind's dependence on wood as a main source of fuel and building material in the ancient times was becoming a problem in areas like Egypt where wood was scarce. The Egyptians imported most of their wood from modern day Lebanon, but when this was not available for certain reasons, they had to use similar materials like papyrus and reeds that grew abundently near water. Plants like bulrush, reeds and even some types of algae and sea weed were put to use in the construcion of vessels that cruised along the Nile and even the sea. The Saracens adopted these methods and their light vessels, the ganjas, were a state of the art in combining rapid and reiable designs.

@@Police Stations
Smaller towns that were built on the changing boundaries of one province or another would often be added by the local nobles to their feudal domains and thus would be forced to accept their domination and to pay them taxes. This caused great dissatisfaction among the citizens and larger cities would even be declared Royal cities as they recognized no other ruler except for the king and paid no taxes except to him. This status was a long desired one as no one would interfere with the city's right of self-governing and the symbols of such freedom were the urban Militia Guard and the town tribunal that instated the royal law..

@@Port Facilities
Seagoing vessels have been used for both commercial transport and military purposes for thousands of years. Cities built on rivers and on the coasts of seas and oceans built facilities, like warship warfs to receive cargo and to house military vessels stationed in the area. Many of the larger cities built large port facilities that included shipyards for the construction of new vessels, large warehouse and docking facilities, and dry-docks for the repair of damaged vessels. Heavily damaged ships can be repaired much more quickly when such facilities are available.

@@Research Lab
Universities are institutions of higher learning. Early universities, in the form we know them, date back to the Middle Ages, although the classical age was a flourishing environment for young talents. Studies at these institutions focused on matters concerning the arts and sciences and expanded to include classical art, literature, and languages. 

@@SAM Missile Battery
^Not available

@@Sewer System
A major obstacle to population growth and expansion in early cities was the scarcity of water. In many cases, the solution to this problem was an aqueduct. Aqueducts were large, elevated stone "canals" through which water from nearby hills and mountains was channeled into the city. Aqueducts allowed cities to grow much larger by significantly increasing the amount of available water. At the same time aqueducts reduced the chance of contracting water-borne diseases, by reducing the dependence on stagnant ponds and wells as water sources. Aqueducts also allowed cities to be built in normally inhospitable environments, such as deserts, by providing an outside water source.

@@Wind Mill
With the greater and greater achievements of human inventiveness and the need for more food supplies for the growing cities, mills had to become more efficient. The old mills based on animal power were first replaced by water mills along the main rivers and, later on by the less demanding, more efficient and reliable wind mills. Although wind mills had the great disadvantage of beeing weather dependant, they no longer were related to waterways and were harder to damage be numerous floods.

@@Stock Exchange
When a medieval city was organized as a Trading Centre, it's importance outgrew far beyond it's city walls. The privileges and profits of becoming a market for all nearby cities and provinces were imense. The wealth would then attract even more merchants from the foreign countries and the cycle would continue until either it would come in conflict with another trading centre or with a military power.

@@Supermarket
Christian and Moslem Monasteries alike had numerous roles in the Middle Ages. Apart from being places of worship and pilgrimage, they were sites of administartion in the countryside under the supervision of the Church, compressing infirmaries for the sick, sanctuaries and scriptoriums. The monks who lived here led an exemplary life and set an example to the others, offering a place of shelter in case the plague or war broke out and thus were also a factor of stability to the feudal domains they were built in. 

@@Customhouse
Customs are places of profit for the city's authorities where travellers and merchants have to pay a tax for crossing a bridge or road and therefore generate large amounts of revenue

@@Harbor
Just because a city is built in a coastal region doesn't guarantee that the city is readily accessible by ship. In order for a port city to establish a steady trade, fishing, or other shipping industry, the city must have a harbor. A harbor is a protected body of water that opens into an ocean or lake that shelters ships from waves and high winds. Although some coastal cities are established in areas where a natural harbor exists, most seaports are forced either to improve the existing natural harbor, or to build a man-made harbor to shelter ships and provide channels deep enough to accommodate large vessels.

@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the WONDER.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry, but adjusted by NUM_IMPROVEMENTS.
; For example, Adam Smith's Trading Co. will be the 0'th (remember,
; the list is zero based)(INDEX - NUM_INPROVEMENTS) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@WONDER_INDEX
21,			; Pyramids
9,			; Hanging Gardens
2,			; Colossus
15,			; Lighthouse
7,			; Great Library
20,			; Oracle
8,			; Great Wall
25,			; Sun Tzu's War Academy
13,			; King Richard's Crusade
18,			; Marco Polo's Embassy
19,			; Michelangelo's Chapel
3,			; Copernicus' Observatory
16,			; Magellan's Expedition
23,			; Shakespeare's Theatre
14,			; Leonardo's Workshop
12,			; J. S. Bach's Cathedral
11,			; Isaac Newton's College
0,			; Adam Smith's Trading Co.
5,			; Darwin's Voyage
24,			; Statue of Liberty
6,			; Eiffel Tower
27,			; Women's Suffrage
10,			; Hoover Dam
17,			; Manhattan Project
26,			; United Nations
1,			; Apollo Program
22,			; SETI Program
4,			; Cure for Cancer
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Adam Smith's Trading Co.
The silkroad was the greatest permanent trade route in the Ancient times, stretching from the former Roman Empire through the Middle East, India, all the way to China. Silk was grealy admired and very expensive and was only manufactured by Chines silkworm  breeders until two Byzantine monks brought the technology of silk making to Europe.

@@Apollo Program
There were many charts and works trying to set out the optimal navigating channels across the Mediterranean and Black Sea, many maps concerned with the exploration of the huge landmass of Siberia across the Urals but there was a great time until all these works were combined in a "Geographic Compendium". Ancient writtings like Klaudios Ptolemaios's "Megale Syntaxis" and "Geographia", and further achievements in seafaring led to the completion of a worldmap, that represented the peak of medieval geography.

@@Colossus
The crusades also led to a huge uprise of sea trade. The Italian trade cities like Venice, Amalfi, Pisa or Genoa controlled the sea trade with Byzantium, the Middle East or North Africa, their merchants often received special trade privileges, and were often allowed to maintain trade colonies in many foreign cities like Constantinople, Acco, Antioch or even Alexandria or Damietta. The enormous income of the seatrade allowed those cities to maintain own warfleets, which dominated large parts of the Mediterranean. They also transported pilgrims and crusaders into the holy land, and took part in naval operations there.


@@Copernicus' Observatory
Mont Saint Michel is situated in northern Normandy and is actually a monastery built on a peninsula that becomes an island durring the tide. Apart from the beauty of the place and its natural defense provided by the sea, the monastery is important for the intellectual activities of the Benedictine monks who dwell here.

@@Cure for Cancer
The Tower of London, located on the northern bank of the Thames River, was built about 1078 by Gundulf, bishop of Rochester. It was used alternately as a fortress, royal residence, and state prison in its early years.

@@Darwin's Voyage
The Crusade's Prayer by Pope Urban in 1095 AD marks the beginning of the Crusades. Although there were negotiation about military operations in the east between the church and mainly Franconian nobles even before this event the reaction of the Popes speech in Clermont was absolutely surprising - nobody had thought that lots of normal peasants would join the crusade.
So the first two big crusades were rather mass movements than well planned campaigns. This changed absolutely with the third crusade, from now on all crusades were taken out with professional armies built up by kings or emperors.
With every new crusade's starting there should be general peace in Western Europe.
All aristocracy conflicts should end, all Christians should pray for God's Warriors.

@@Eiffel Tower
The Church of the Holy Tomb in Jerusalem, the holiest place for all Christian pilgrims, was built under Constantin I. and opened in 335AD. After Jerusalem was taken by the Arabs, Charlemagne reached a special status for the church in 797 during negotiations with caliph Harun Ar Rashid. 

@@Great Library
The Koran is the Islamic compendium of religious knowledge, similar to the Christian Bible. The Holy Book is also a moral guide for the common Moslem and stands for an entire philosophy and way of life. The Arabs were, despite them being regarded as Barbarians by Western Europe, quite fond of the cultures that preceded them in this area of the Mediterranean. They imported many intellectual achievements from the ancient Greeks, Persians, Egyptians, Indians and even Chinese.

@@Great Wall
The Hospitalers turned a small fort in Syria from the 12th century on into a giant concentric castle, which belonged, like the main castle of the Templars in the holy land, Chastel de Pelerin, near Atlit, to the most impressive, and also most advanced medieval castles ever, which seemed to be invincible. While Chastel de Pelerin resisted every Arab siege, and was finally given up by the Templars after the loss of Acco, the Krak des Chevaliers had often a much to small garrison and was captured in 1271.

@@Hanging Gardens
Called the most beautiful building in Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock is the holliest Muslim shrine in the city. Muslims believe the gold-domed building was built over the rock from which Muhammad rose to heaven. Jews believe it is the place Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac.

@@Hoover Dam
Normans were the old "norsemen" or vikings that terrorized the coastlines of medieval Europe in the Dark Ages and received the Dukedom of Normandy from the King of France in 911 AD as a fief to settle and accept Chrisianity. The Normans, under duke William the Conqueror, ironically ended the viking domination in England by conquering it in 1066 AD . This conquest led to the unification of England and its temporary vassality to the King of France. The Southern Normans, under Robert Guscard, conquered Sicily and Naples and founded the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies here around the same time.

@@Isaac Newton's College
The Theological Seminary in Cordoba stands for the amazing cultural achievement of the Moors in the period of the Emirate and Caliphate when there were significant breakthroughs in the Moorish arts, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and navigation. These were the times of tollerant Spain when Christian, Moslems and Jews alike lived together in prosperous comunnities

@@J.S. Bach's Cathedral
There are several great Gothic cathedrals with this name in France, for example in Paris or Reims, which are both very similar. 
Notre Dame of Paris was built from 1163-1331, the building is ca. 125 metres long, and the two main towers are ca. 63 metres high. Notre Dame of Reims was built from 1211-1480, and was even more important than the cathedral in Paris, because many French kings were crowned in Reims.

@@King Richard's Crusade
The successful First Crusade began 1096 in several large groups. While the peasants army was soon destroyed the knights army reached the first victory in Asia at Dorylaion. Despite continuing conflicts between the Christian nobles the crusaders took Antioch in 1098 and repulsed a massive counterattack by Islamic forces there.
Finally the crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, and the Crusader's states developed
in the holy land, which led a huge uprise of seatrade for West Europe.

@@Leonardo's Workshop
Although he could speak Latin, Charlemagne was illiterate despite what others might think. His great merit was, however, to have put great emphasis on culture and Reformation in all domains. He strengthened the centralization of the Empire, had numerous agricultural reforms and modernized his army tactics and equipment, in a word, was an example of a great ruler to the future kings of France and Germany.

@@Lighthouse
The Vikings threatened the English coastline and demanded serious tributes called the Danegeld. The English possed little resistance until Alfred the Great. Under his guidance, the Fleet of Wessex was even able to resist the Viking fleet in 897 AD. The fleet consisted of ships that were very similar to the Viking Longboats and the victory was greatly due to the elment of surprise.

@@Magellan's Expedition
The Imperial Fleet of Byzantium, based in the Eastern Mediterranean was the most fearsome and large fleet in the Middle Ages, rivaled only by the united Saracen fleets. The discovery of Greek fire was an awsome factor which determined for many years the stability of the area and even saved Constantinople from beeing conquered by the Turks a couple of times.

@@Manhattan Project
The True Cross is the holiest relic of the whole Christianity.
Only a piece of it causes the deepest amazement.

@@Marco Polo's Embassy
Compiled at the order of William the Great, the Doomsday Book was the greatest work of administration of its time. All nobles in England had to be registered and to pay their according share of taxes to the king and country. This was a necessary measure for a young kingdom that has just been consolidated and most of its Saxon nobles beeing replaced with Norman ones. The measure strengthened the authority of the king and prevented numerous riots among the Saxon population.

@@Michelangelo's Chapel
The Vatican was the Centre of Western Christendom, the Seat of the Pope, who was also Bishop of Rome, and represented the strongest religious symbol for Europe. There were several conflicts between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor about the supremacy in secular authority and they culminated in the excomunication of Henry IV and his repent to Canossa.

@@Oracle
The Sophie's (Wisdom) Church in Constantinople was built in the early medieval times (532-537) under emperor Justinian I. Innovative Byzantine technology allowed the design of a basilica with an immense dome (some 43m in diameter) over an open, square space. The original dome fell after an earthquake and was replaced in 563. The church was finally changed into a mosque after the conquest of the city by the Turks in 1453.

@@Pyramids
Built by the fourth dynasty of Egyptian rulers (ca. 2600-2320 BC), the Pyramids represent the pinnacle of ancient Egyptian cultural achievement. Constructed on the Gizeh plateau outside modern-day Cairo, these structures were burial tombs and monuments for the Pharaohs, and may have taken generations and tens of thousands of workers to complete. The Pyramids are the only one of the generally accepted man-made wonders of the ancient world that remain in existence today and have also been admired in the Middle Ages.

@@SETI Program
The Great Mosque in Cairo was the largest and most admired after the one in Mecca. The Moslems limited the number of minarets for every mosque to six so as not to be more important than the Holy site in Mecca. In adition to beeing a place of worship, the mosques acted as gathering places were people debated and exchanged ideas.

@@Shakespeare's Theatre
The hippodrome was an immense construction 480 meters length and 117.5 meters wide; it could seat, according to estimations one hundred thousand spectators. It was build in 203 by the Emperor Septimus Severus and later on Constantine the Great extended and remodeled it.

@@Statue of Liberty
Basil the Great, the Bulgarocton (Bulgar Killer) was a fiersome Basileus (his name meaning Emperor). He put a stop to Bulgar expansion inside Byzantine borders. His rule was stable and registered an increase in the Byzantine area of influention in Europe and the Middle East. This period of Byzantine history is regarded as a temporary revival of the ancient splendor and power of the Empire.

@@Sun Tzu's War Academy
The Holy War against all non-believers made the Arabs having fast conquests. Preached by Mohammed himself as he drew the sword on his natal city of Mecca from his newly converted base at Medina, the Jihad overwhelmed those who would oppose the new faith. The Holy city of Mecca never came to question the Islam again and became the most important center of pilgrimage for Moslems. Combined with the warlike nature of the Beduin tribes, the Jihad grew and in less than 50 years time the whole Middle East was subverted.

@@United Nations
The Reichstag also counted as a symbol of power to the Holy Roman Emperor. As the Empire was torn away by the numerous aristocracy feuds, which were a great burden especially for the peasants, the need for a higher authority was even greater. The general land peace movement was often supported by the Church and the Emperor, because both sides feared decreasing influence in territories ruled by aggressive and independant nobles who maintained their own strong feudal armies.

@@Women's Suffrage
The Holy Roman Empire wanted to be the succesor of Charlemagne's Empire and of the Roman Empire itself. In reality, in the first stages, the Emperor had little influence over his vassals, being sometimes elected especially for his inaptitude to rule the entire state. In the hands of influential emperors, such as Frederick Barbarossa, the Empire could yield enourmous wealth, power and troops and, with the support of the Pope, it came victorious in the Third Crusade.

@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the UNITS.PDE and UNITS2.PDE text ;files in the original Civilopedia, strung together to make one contiguous section. (French and German ;versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@UNIT_INDEX
-1,			; Settlers
-1,			; Engineers
-1,			; Warriors
-1,			; Phalanx
-1,			; Archers
-1,			; Legion
-1,			; Pikemen
-1,			; Musketeers
-1,			; Fanatics
-1,			; Partisans
-1,			; Alpine Troops
-1,			; Riflemen
-1,			; Marines
-1,			; Paratroopers
-1,			; Mech. Inf.
-1,			; Horsemen
-1,			; Chariot
-1,			; Elephant
-1,			; Crusaders
-1,			; Knights
-1,			; Dragoons
-1,			; Cavalry
-1,			; Armor
-1,			; Catapult
-1,			; Cannon
-1,			; Artillery
-1,			; Howitzer
-1,			; Fighter
-1,			; Bomber
-1,			; Helicopter
-1,			; Stlth Ftr.
-1,			; Stlth Bmbr.
-1,			; Trireme
-1,			; Caravel
-1,			; Galleon
-1,			; Frigate
-1,			; Ironclad
-1,			; Destroyer
-1,			; Cruiser
-1,			; AEGIS Cruiser
-1,			; Battleship
-1,			; Submarine
-1,			; Carrier
-1,			; Transport
-1,			; Cruise Msl.
-1,			; Nuclear Msl.
-1,			; Diplomat
-1,			; Spy
-1,			; Caravan
-1,			; Freight
-1,			; Explorer
-1,			; Extra Land
-1,			; Extra Ship
-1,			; Extra Air
-1,			; Test Unit 1
-1,			; Test Unit 2
-1,			; Test Unit 3
-1,			; Test Unit 4
-1,			; Test Unit 5
-1,			; Test Unit 6
-1,			; Test Unit 7
-1,			; Test Unit 8
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@AEGIS Cruiser
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Alpine Troops
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Archers
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Armor
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Artillery
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Battleship
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Bomber
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Cannon
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Caravan
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Caravel
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Carrier
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Catapult
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Cavalry
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Chariot
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Crusaders
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Cruise Missile
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Cruiser
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Destroyer
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Diplomat
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Dragoons
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Elephant
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Engineers
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Explorer
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Fanatics
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Fighter
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Freight
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Frigate
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Galleon
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Helicopter
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Horsemen
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Howitzer
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Ironclad
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Knights
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Legion
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Marines
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Mechanized Infantry
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Musketeers
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Nuclear Missile
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Stealth Bomber
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Stealth Fighter
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Submarine
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Transport
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Trireme
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Warriors
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Paratroopers
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Partisans
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Phalanx
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Pikemen
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Riflemen
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Settlers
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@@Spy
-Description of this military unit may be activated by selecting DESCRFW in the SETUP.BAT file!

@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the TERRAIN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Desert
8,			; Plains
3,			; Grassland
1,			; Forest
4,			; Hills
6,			; Mountains
11,			; Tundra
2,			; Glacier
10,			; Swamp
5,			; Jungle
7,			; Ocean
24,			; Oasis
12,			; Buffalo
3,			; Grassland
18,			; Pheasant
13,			; Coal
21,			; Gold
32,			; Game
23,			; Ivory
26,			; Peat
20,			; Gems
14,			; Fish
25,			; Desert Oil
30,			; Wheat
3,			; Grassland
27,			; Silk
31,			; Wine
22,			; Iron
16,			; Furs
33,			; Glacier Oil
28,			; Spice
15,			; Fruit
29,			; Whales
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Sand Desert
Sand Deserts are arid stretches of land characterized by an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Adding to the dry environment is the fact that, because the desert atmosphere has such low humidity, evaporation of moisture from the ground exceeds precipitation. Many deserts are characterized by extremely high daytime temperatures and equally low night time temperatures. Only the hardiest plants and animals can survive in the harsh desert environment. Despite the perception that deserts are composed of useless sand, most desert soil is naturally fertile because little water moves through the desert to carry away nutrients. Through the use of artificial irrigation, humans have managed to grow crops in desert environments. If this is not done carefully, it can lead to irreversible environmental damage when the meager water supply that is tapped for the irrigation process is depleted.

@@Forest
Extensive areas of land covered by a thick growth of trees and related ground vegetation are classified as forests. There are several different types of forest, determined primarily by climate and the type of vegetation they contain. Forests of some type exist on nearly every continent in the world. Forests are a valuable source of natural resources, providing wood for paper products, building, and other purposes. The harvesting of trees must be done carefully, however. If not done in moderation, lumbering can destroy the natural habitat for indigenous animal species, and destroy the ecology of the land. Government regulations limiting the amount of trees that can be cut, and requiring the lumber industry to plant new trees to replace what they have harvested, help to prevent major ecological damage as a result of deforestation.

@@Groves
Groves, light woods and glens in warm climate areas where the famous poplar and cypress tree thrive are encountered close to fertile plain regions, mainly near rivers. These areas are inhabited by all sots of songbirds and little herbivorous animals like rabits which can be hunted down for their furs. Trees of good essence grow in abundence and wild fruit trees can be sometimes encountered in these areas which are very productive for humans.

@@Plains
The areas of land between the endless steppe regions of the eastern Europe regions and the forests in temperate climates usually consist of plains. These fertile regions, covered with various types of vegetation, once occupied large areas of Europe. These areas are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons, with annual periods of drought. Although many plains are naturally occurring, they can also be created through deforestation of woodland areas. Because of the relatively low rainfall in these regions, the topsoil is high in nutrients. Plains are, therefore, well suited for growing crops, especially grain crops and as pastures.

@@Hills
Rolling areas of the countryside, often found between plains and more mountainous regions are known as hills, or foothills. These areas, often covered with rich soil and grasses or heavily forested, are rich in resources. Stone, iron, lead, copper, and even gold and silver may be found in these regions, making them profitable areas for the mining industry. In areas where the below-ground resources are scarce, hill areas are often cultivated for agricultural purposes. Certain crops such as citrics and grapes thrive in these regions, given the proper climate.

@@Palm Trees
In heavily forested areas where rainfall is high, the growth of both palm trees and other indigenous plants is profuse. This environment is home to wide varieties of plant and animal life. Although mineral deposits and fruit-bearing plants can sometimes be found in these regions, palm trees themselves offer low amounts of wood when cleared. This, combined with the presence of certain predators, makes palm trees regions inhospitable to humans. In order to make these areas more useful, palms are often replaced with other trees through forestation or burnt down to yield areas of steppes. While this improves the usefulness of the land for humans, it destroys the habitat of the indigenous animals of the region, like elephants.

@@Mountains
Mountains are areas of high elevation, usually consisting of a chain of rugged peaks and valleys. Most mountains are formed when the plates making up the Earth's crust impact or slide against one another, raising layers of rock above the surrounding land. Mountains can also be formed by volcanic action, or through the effects of erosion. Although generally poor agricultural regions, mountains are often a source of great mineral wealth, with large deposits of gold and other valuable ores. Aside from their economic value, mountains provide a natural defensive barrier, shielding human settlements from invaders. Extensive mountain ranges can also greatly affect the weather patterns of a region by blocking and diverting wind and storms.

@@Sea
The Mediterranean sea is home to millions of life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to mammals like dolphins. The animals and plants that inhabit the sea provide an excellent source of food. For centuries, coastal and island cultures have thrived on the resources and easy access to trade provided by the sea.

@@Steppe
Steppes are vast, open tracts of land, usually with very few trees and covered with vegetation such as sage brush and various grasses. Steppes are similar to Plains, except that the topsoil is often not as well suited for growing food. Often, rich deposits of minerals are also found in steppes regions. The indigenous plants of the steppes makes them well suited for grazing. Large herds of cattle, horses and other animals can often be raised in these areas. With the proper irrigation, steppes can be easily cultivated into adequate farmland for the production of grains and some other plants like olive trees.

@@River
Fed by natural springs, snow melt, and small tributary streams, rivers flow from mountains and other upland sources into larger rivers, lakes, and oceans. Rivers can be found in almost any terrain, from lush jungles and forests to arid desert regions. Since the dawn of civilization, towns and cities have grown up around rivers because the land in river valleys is usually very fertile, and well-suited for farming. In addition, the river provided easy and quick access between towns by boat for trade and travel. Water could be channeled from rivers via aqueducts to cities some distance from the river for the purposes of irrigation. Rivers are also good sources of mineral resources, and can provide power to run machinery and generate electricity.

@@Swamp
Swamps are wetlands which are largely uninhabitable by humans. These areas are usually flooded with water, ranging in depth from a few inches to several feet, due to heavy rainfall and overflow from nearby lakes and rivers. Although inhospitable for human life, swamps are teeming with both animal and plant life. Certain spices and useful substances such as peat, which is used as a fertilizer, can be found in abundance in certain swamp areas. Swampland is often drained, and converted into plains in order to make it more useful for resource and food production.

@@Semidesert
Streching on the northern side of the Sahara desert, between the ifinite sand and the more fertile terrain on the coast of the sea, lies a thin line of semidesert.Like the desert, this region receives little precipitation. However, the soil keeps groundwater from draining, forming bogs where various grasses, and other simple vegetation can grow. Despite the harsh environment, a wide variety of animal life and plants flourish in the semidesert areas, providing possible sources of food, and trade potential for their furs.

;Special Resources

@@Olive trees
Olives were used by the ancient people as a source of food and of olive oil which was as praised back then as it is now. The olive tree lived in sunny arrid areas close to the Mediterranean and was one of the main crops, along the citrics and vines, that grew in ancient Hellas. Other regions of southern Europe were known for the ability to grow rich cultures of olive trees, but it soon spread to north Africa and Asia Minor. Olive oil was regarded as one of the most luxurious products and people would often apply it on the skin.

@@Marble
One of the most noble and highly appreciated building materials that was used by the ancient cultures was marble. Marble was quarried from rocky hillsides and fashioned into some of the most impresive works of architecture and sculpture. There are three main colours of marble, white, red and black, but the most noble and commonly used was the white. Greece and Italy had very abundant marble deposits which were heavily exploited during the Classical Age. 

@@Fish
Prevailing winds, sea brize and tides, and deep water trenches can often combine to produce conditions that are optimum for fishing. Offshore winds push the warm surface waters out to deeper waters. Underwater currents push cold, nutrient-rich water from deep below the surface back toward the coast. The high concentration of nutrients in this colder water, caused by decomposition of organic matter at extreme depths, creates an ideal environment for fish and other sea life. Civilizations with access to areas such as this can significantly increase their food supply by establishing a thriving fishing industry.

@@Citrics
The warm and humid northafrican environments that are so conducive to the growth of exotic palm trees also provide the perfect environment for growing certain fruits. Citric fruits, for example, are an excellent, naturally occurring food crop. Many such fruits, including the orange and lemon, can be transplanted and grown in similar climates all over the Mediterranean.

@@Beduin tent
Beduins were for a long period of time the only inhabitants and the only people who ventured across deserts. Trade routes that conected different areas often crossed the desert and were sometimes plundered by these wild men of the sands. On other ocasions, beduins would engage in trade with the caravans themselves, selling gems and diamonds for the much needed water or salt.

@@Volcano
Although highly dangerous for the lives of humans and for their settlements, active volcanos provide their surroundings with fertile soils that are rich in minerals from the vulcanic interior. Most fertile islands are a product of ancient volcanos but not active anymore.

@@Deer
Since ancient times, hunting of game animals has been important both for survival and for sport. Forested areas containing a large concentration of deer, elk, and smaller game were very valuable as a source of food for nearby settlements and cities. Though the widespread practice of farming domestic animals for food purposes has made hunting for sport much more common than hunting for food, certain animals such as geese, ducks, and deer are still frequently hunted and killed for food.

@@Musk Ox
Settlements in the sparse tundra regions of the arctic cannot raise crops and domestic animals for food due to the harsh conditions. They are, therefore, much more dependent on the hunting and trapping of local wildlife for food. The many species of birds and small game, as well as larger animals such as elk and caribou, provide a source of food in an environment that is otherwise barren and inhospitable.

@@Camels
Camels are the animals most commonly used by the beduins to cross large masses of desert. They were also used by merchants as burden carriers and by soldiers as they were effective against cavalry (the horses hated their smell just as much as the elephant's). Although they are large, resistant animals, some peoples like the Egyptians would prefer using donkeys for their caravans because they thought camels were impure. 

@@Gold
Gold has always been one of the most highly valued metals in the world. It was used in the manufacture of jewelry and has been established as the basis for monetary systems world wide. The factor that makes gold valuable is its rarity. Although gold can be found in many different areas, the most valuable deposits are large veins of gold ore running through mountains. When a large deposit is found, mining the deposit greatly boosts the economy in settlements and cities near the mine.

@@Iron
When early civilizations began to use metal to construct tools and weapons, the most commonly used metal was bronze. Bronze had the advantage of being readily available and easy to work with. Unfortunately, it was too soft to hold an effective edge. In the mid-14th century BC in central Europe, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice, and the Iron Age has begun. Since this time, iron has been a valuable commodity. Deposits of iron and iron ore found in mountains were mined and processed for use in their raw form, and in the production of steel.

@@Horses
The plains areas of Europe are inhabited by roaming herds of many different varieties of animals. Some of these animals can even be domesticated and used for farming and other purposes. One of the most noble and useful animals in the Middle Ages, known since the ancient times was the horse, various species of which are found throughout Asia as well. The Huns and Mongols were master horsemen and the Arabian horse breed is one of the most famous and admired. Used as a help around households or a formidable weapon, the European massive and powerful horses carried their knights into battle and caused fear among the enemy. Until the development of gun powder artillery, the heavy cavalry remained the elite force of European armies.

@@Oasis
In rare instances, underground reservoirs or rivers beneath a desert may run near the surface, forming a lake in the middle of an otherwise barren region of land. The presence of water allows plants to grow, and may even attract animal life. An oasis makes it easier for human settlements to survive in desert climates by providing rich soil for the growing of food crops. Since they are so rare, oases are fiercely guarded by desert dwellers who are lucky enough to stumble across them.

@@Gems
Gemstones, treasured throughout time for their beauty and value, have always been a sought-after commodity. Most gemstones, such as diamonds, are mined in various areas throughout the world, most notably Africa. Some of the most notable gem deposits, however, have been found in archeological digs. The ruins of ancient civilizations in the jungles of Central and South America have sometimes been found to hide large quantities of precious and semi-precious gems, as well as gold and other items of value. The discovery of such a site can lead to an increase in trade in the areas surrounding the dig, as both professional and amateur treasure hunters swarm to the region to seek their fortune.

@@Pitch
Some bogs and swamps contain a brown organic material known as pitch. Pitch is made up of partially-decomposed plant matter, and has a high flamable factor. Although dried pitch is sometimes compressed and burned as fuel, the most valuable use for pitch was, prior to the invention of the black powder, the use with siege weapons as flaming projectiles or the as boiling oil to pour down from the city walls on assaulting enemy troops. The use of boiling pitch against otherwise invulnerable heavily armoured troops or battering rams proved devastating.

@@Prime Lumber
Wood was an essential resource in the ancient times, probably the most important in construction, ship building, chariot making and even shields were initially made of wood and animal skin. Egypt, for example, was almost entirely dependant on the cedar wood imported from the Phoenician city of Byblos in its early history. The Egyptians would often make their boats from reeds and their sails from papyrus which were their most common building materials along with the mudbrick. Other important timber essence trees were the oaks, pine trees, beech trees etc which grew abundently in northern Europe..

@@Spice
Certain types of plants have evolved in such a way that they produce mild toxins or repellents that make their odor or flavor distasteful to animals. Oddly enough, many of these plants were sought by humans because of these smells and tastes. A profitable spice trade was begun by merchants in the Middle East before 2000 BC. Spices are used now, as they were in the ancient world, to preserve food and enhance its flavor. Many of the most popular spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, are extracted from plants that grow in tropical or swampy regions of the world.

@@Dolphins
Dolphins were used by sailors to point out to the shores like seagulls even since the ancient times of navigation. Later on people found out that dolphins constitute a source of food and other byproducts. The industry spread throughout the Mediterranean, and became increasingly profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the sea, along the animals' migration routes, had a particularly dense population of dolphins, and became the targets for large concentrations of fishing ships. 

@@Graines
Grain and other cereals have been a staple crop for civilizations occupying temperate zones of the planet since pre-historic times. There is archeological evidence that bread wheat was cultivated in southern Turkestan as early as 6000 BC, though naturally occurring wheat was probably used for food purposes much earlier. Throughout the temperate zones, graines have become the primary food crop. They are particularly well suited for growth in vast, open plains like those found in the Eastern European steppes.

@@Wine
Wine, a beverage made from fermented grapes, was first produced as early as 6000 BC. Its use spread throughout the Middle East and Egypt, and it quickly became a popular beverage of the ancient world. The grapes used for the making of wine are grown in many different regions of the world. Most vineyards are located in hills and valleys of temperate regions. Wine making as an industry has been perfected over several centuries. The most important wine makers of the Antiquity where, of course the Greeks and the Latins, but Carthage had a climate very suited to wine making as well.

@@Granite
The barren deserts are home to very few animals and offer very little riches for the humans to exploit. Howevwer, even since the Egyptians and later the Saracens, the few resources such as granite and other rocks were extracted with great care to become some of the greatest works of art in the right hands. The durability and strength of the granite alone was legendary and the only thing stronger than the rock itself was the will of the man to use it and embelish it.

@@Sheep
Wool has been a valuable commodity for textiles since it offered protection against the harsh environment of the Northern Europe. Wool is obtained from sheep which are also a source of milk and meat. The wool fibers are woven into cloth, which is used to make all types of clothing and even ropes for sailing ships. The best wool and most famous sheep were the English sheep, wool being the most important commodity the English exported until the Industrial Revolution.

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the GOVERN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Fundamentalism will be the 5'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Communism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Interregnum
The Interregnum represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. This occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Rebellion. After a few turns, you will be able to reconstitute your government.

SPECIAL
The corruption rate is VERY HIGH in the Interregnum, somewhat similar to the Realm.  However, no taxes are collected during the Interregnum, and no research is conducted. 

@@Feudal Realm	
The Feudal Realm stands for the early feudal Aristocracy, with feudal lords and their vassals, who received land property as fiefs, to have enough means for their war equipment, to fight and protect their domains and to respond to the call to arms of their lords. 
The king was the first of the nobles, Primus inter Pares, and his atributions were limited since he had little power other than symbolic over his vassals.

UNIT SUPPORT
* Each unit above the city size costs one shield per turn.
* Serfs DON'T NEED food from the suporting city.

HAPPINESS
Up to three military units in each city will act as "urban militia", converting an unhappy citizen into a content citizen.

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
The Realm has a HIGH rate of corruption and waste. The level of corruption in a particular city is based on its distance from your capital.

SPECIAL

Under Feudal Realms, none of the science/tax/luxury rates may be set higher than 60%.  ALSO, ANY SQUARE WHICH WOULD ORDINARILY PRODUCE THREE OR MORE OF A RESOURCE (FOOD, SHIELDS, TRADE) PRODUCES ONE LESS.

HINTS
Because of the Realm's high rate of corruption, it is almost always an inferior form of government.  Try to switch to an Early Kingdom as soon as possible.

@@Late Kingdom
The Late Kingdom allows the increased Centralization of the power and also the transition from loosely organized regions to proper territorial states with rising economy. The king now has the divine right of rule from the Pope, the right of life and death over 
his subjects and these privileges will go on in the royal family after his death. The Royal Army becomes a permanent, elite factor of stability and power and the nobles cannot be pretenders to the throne unless of royal blood. The Royal domains start to be administered 
by governors and bailiffs and large cities become royal free cities, acceting only the sovereignity of the king.

* Each unit beyond the fourth costs one shield per turn.
* Serfs eat one food per turn.

HAPPINESS
Up to three military units in each city will act as "urban militia", converting *TWO* unhappy citizens into content citizens (so a total of SIX unhappy citizens can be suppressed).

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
Under Late Kingdoms, royal control of the economy eliminates most of the corruption.

SPECIAL
All SPY units produced under the Royal authority are given VETERAN status.  In the Late Kingdom, none of the science/tax/luxury rates may be set higher than 80%.

HINTS
The Late Kingdom is best for large, far-flung states which need to maintain a large military.  Use your powerful spies to steal technology from the Moslem pagans and the Byzantines.

@@Sultanate
A sultanate is the best Islamic form of government. Science, trade and culture are on their highest level. The Sultan is allpowerful and his subjects fulfill his every command, however the risk of rebellion in so many provinces is high. 
Also, conquered peoples seem reluctant to enlist in the Sultan's army or support the Jihad so the state is either cripled military or has to spend a lot more on luxurious activities to appease the population

* Each unit costs one shield per turn. 
* Serfs eat one food per turn.

HAPPINESS
Each unit which is not in a friendly city (or a fortress within 3 spaces of a friendly city) causes TWO citizens in its home city to become unhappy.

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
Sultanates experience NO corruption or waste.

SPECIAL
Under a Sultanate, each square which ordinarily produces at least one unit of trade produces an extra unit. The units and cities of a Sultanate are immune to BRIBERY of all forms.
The science/tax/luxury rates may be set to any level desired.

HINTS
Sultanates can yield spectacular amounts of revenue and scientific research. However, because of the severe happiness restrictions on military units, this form of government tends to be viable only for large, advanced civilizations.  Increasing your luxuries rate and building Wonders can help alleviate this problem.

@@Caliphate
With the arise of Islam, Arabic Caliphates were formed and they disposed of enormous military strength, especially in the initial stage, since they combined the agressive nature of some Beduine tribes with the Jihad Idea. The Islam grew quickly to overwhelm the surrounding area in a very short time span 
and that can be explained only by the fanaticism and selfsacrifice of the believers. In this period of war, however, many ancient cultural values were either plundered or destroyed, including the legendary Library of Alexandria and knowledge came to a temporary standstill. The later Caliphates of the Fatimids and of Cordoba 
flourished both economically and culturally thanks to certain men of great value and open mind who imposed the heritage of the ancient Mediterranean cultures as the basis of Arabian philosophy.

* Every military unit beyond the second costs one shield per turn.
* Serfs eat one food per turn.
ONLY Caliphates may rely entirely on the use of Mamlukes and Moorish Archers. These units are free of support for Caliphates.


HAPPINESS
Under the Caliphate, NO CITIZEN IS EVER UNHAPPY!

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
Caliphates experience a LOW rate of corruption. However, The Caliphate has the special disadvantage that all SCIENCE is DIMINUATED because of the fanatic rule of the caliph who persecutes philosophists and wisemen who oppose the Koran.

SPECIAL
Improvements which convert unhappy citizens to content citizens (Churches, etc.)produce "tithes" equal to the number of citizens they would otherwise convert.  They also require no maintenance.
The diplomatic penalties for "treacherous acts" committed by your Assassins and Spies are reduced. Under the Caliphate, none of the science/tax/luxury rates maybe set higher than 80%.

HINTS
The Caliphate eliminates all happiness problems and provides an excellent revenue.  Scientific research tends to languish and army suport can become a problem if you create too many units in a single city..

@@Early Kingdom
Here the Early Kingdom represents the transition from the Dark Age Realms and small states to a single state under the guidance of a single wide accepted ruler, the King. Although the king still is the head of the feudal pyramid of lords and vassals, his right 
of rule is no longer challenged by the nobles and his decisions will have to be followed.It also stands for a stronger terseness of the feudal relations with Knighthood coming up and locally ruled regions like Dukedoms or Counties.

UNIT SUPPORT
* Each unit beyond the sixth costs one shield per turn.
* Serfs DON'T NEED food from the suporting city.

HAPPINESS
Among the first national kingdoms of Europe was the Kingdom of the Franks under Clovis, which set an example to the rulers of the Dark Ages over the next centuries. The size of the state became increasingly larger and therefore harder to control so one of the 
factors that kept its integrity besides the sheer charisma of the king was religion. It is the time when most kings adopt Christianity as a factor of stability.

Up to three military units in each city will act as "urban militia" , converting an unhappy citizen into a content citizen.

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
The Early Kingdoms were not a very eficient form of government because corruption was quite high, but you could support a strong army.
The level of corruption in a particular city is based on its distance from your capital.

SPECIAL
Under an Early Kingdom, none of the science/tax/luxury rates maybe set higher than 70%.

HINTS
Early Kingdoms are an excellent form of government for a young civilization.

@@Empire
The Empire represents the apex of Christian Aristocracy in the High Middle Ages. The Emperors, enointed by the Pope, often experienced great worhip among the people. In a stable Empire the cities could get to full bloom regarding economic, spiritual and cultural aspects. 
That is because they tend to be independent from the local land Nobles and pay no taxes to them. 
There were several great emperors in Medieval Europe, some forging their own Empires in the image of the lost Roman Empire, and states like Byzantium, Charlemagne's State and the Holy Roman Empire all shared the same visions regarding their role as descendents of the Roman Caesars. 
The power of the Emperor, however, depended very much on the abilities of the man to keep the cohesion of the state and to forge his destiny through cunning or violent measures. The Holy Roman Emperor, for example, was seriously undermined by the strong Lords who had the right to 
elect the Emperor and the right of autonomy over their own provinces and only a few, like Frederick Barbarossa, managed to rise up to the ocasion.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Serfs eat one food per turn.

HAPPINESS
Each military unit AFTER THE FIRST which is not in a friendly city (or a military camp within 3 spaces of a friendly city)causes one citizen in its home city to become unhappy.

CORRUPTION AND WASTE
The Empire has a LOW rate of corruption and waste.  The level of corruption in a particular city is based on its distance from your capital.

SPECIAL
Under a Empire, each square which ordinarily produces at least one unit of trade produces an extra unit. None of the science/tax/luxury rates may be set higher than 80%.

HINTS
Switching to an Empire can give an astounding boost to your science and tax revenues, although you'll probably have to divert some of your trade to luxuries.  It becomes more difficult (and expensive) to keep an army in the field, but organizing the Holy Roman Empire can help with this problem.

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the CONCEPT.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;

@@Disband
When a friendly unit becomes obsolete, costs too much to maintain, or causes unhappiness among your population, you might want to eliminate the unit. To eliminate a unit, order it to disband by holding down the shift key and pressing "D", or by selecting "Disband" from the Orders menu. Once disbanded, the unit is permanently removed from the game.

When a unit is disbanded inside a friendly city, half of the unit's production cost in Shields is added to the production of whatever unit, Improvement, or Wonder is currently under production in the city.

@@Fortify
Roman legions on campaign halted their march early enough each evening to build a completely fortified camp for the night. They had learned the value of defensive fortifications when under attack. Where possible, it was the standard practice of most armies to build defensive works of some type whenever expecting an attack. Fortified defenders had their fighting strength multiplied, making it much harder to defeat them.

Ground units can be ordered to fortify by pressing the "F" key, or by selecting "Fortify" from the Orders menu. The defensive value of fortified units is increased by 50 percent.

@@Motte & baileys, Keeps and Castles
Once your civilization has discovered Military Architecture, Serfs and Master Engineers have the ability to construct castles. These forts can be utilized to defend city perimeters and to block key points of access from enemy armies. A properly defended castle, encircled by a ditch and other defensive improvements, can provide an effective defense by doubling the defensive strength of all units stationed within. Unlike normal combat, units stacked within a castle defend and are destroyed one at a time in battle, rather than being destroyed simultaneously. Castles themselves do not suffer damage in the attack and can only be destroyed from within.

Serfs and Master Engineers can construct castles by pressing the "F" key, or choosing the Build Castle command from the Orders menu. Units within a castle have their defensive strengths doubled. Under an Empire or Sultanate, units stationed inside castles built within three squares of a friendly city do not cause unhappiness.

Motte & Bailey's the first type of effective defensive wooden structures with two courtyards and a surrounding moat or ditch and they are prebuilt to defend certain key points on the map. They are inhabited by Rebel aristocrates who will join their new sovereign upon submission. Later in the game, as military buildings and siege weapons advance, the Mottes will be upgraded to stone Keeps with a far better defensive ability.

@@Crops and Domains
Life in the Middle Ages was harsh and often filled with misery and desease. The lands often switched owners and the villages were raided so whatever crops the peasants could grow would never sufice the growing necessity. They had to develop the technology of irrigation and use the freshwater rivers that passed through lands essentially barren due to the lack of rainfall. Through irrigation, water could be removed from the rivers and spread on the nearby land, making it suitable for farming.

Irrigation increases Food production in Steppes, Plains, Deserts, and Hills. Only squares vertically or horizontally adjacent to water (the Sea or Rivers) or another terrain with crops can be irrigated to yield crops. Once your state develops Feudal Estates, the arrable lands can be distributed for administration to the nobles as "Domains". Normally domains yield 50% extra food to cities that have built monasteries.

@@Luxuries
The provision of Luxuries for your citizens is indicated by the goblet icons in the Resource Box of the City Display. Each two Luxuries makes one content citizen happy, or one unhappy citizen content. The amount of Luxuries a city produces is mainly determined by the percentage of Trade you have allocated to Luxuries. This can be adjusted using the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu. A city's Luxuries can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, and by converting citizens into Entertainers.

@@Mining
Early civilizations had little difficulty locating nearly pure deposits of useful metals, such as gold, silver, iron and copper, lying exposed on the Earth's surface. As time passed, the surface deposits were exhausted, and people began digging into the ground to look for more. Mining and excavation for metals and other valuable materials continues today.

Mining increases the Shield production of Sand Deserts and Semi Deserts by one, and increases the Shield production of Hills and Mountains by 2. Serfs and Master Engineers can be ordered to dig mines by pressing the "M" key, or by choosing the "Build Mine" command from the Orders menu.

@@Pillage
The terrain improvements built by other civilizations (crops, mines, roads, etc.) can be destroyed by moving a unit into the improved terrain square and ordering the unit to pillage. This reduces the production value of the land, and forces your enemy to re-develop the terrain.

Units can be ordered to pillage by holding down the shift key and pressing "P", or by choosing the "Pillage" command from the Orders menu. The unit must be ordered to pillage once for each of the terrain improvements you want to destroy.

@@Plague
The Black Death as it was called was not uncommon during the Medieval history. Plague would often strike in overpopulated cities that had no health care from a hospital. Another cause for a large epidemy would be the waste produced by forges, mills and manufactures in cities with no sewer systems like catacombs. At certain points spies can infiltrate plague victims in a large city and cause major epidemics (this was also not unheard of in the Middle Ages when a besieging army striken by plague would often catapult diseased corpses in the surrounded city). When a city is under a risk of plague, dead skulls appear in the Information Box of the City Display. The more skulls a city generates, the higher the city's chance of infecting a settlement within the city radius each turn. When diseased lands reach sufficiently critical levels, there is a chance of a panepidemic striking all civilized nations.

Plague can be erradicated by moving Serfs or Master Engineers into the infected land and pressing the "P" key, or choosing the "Erradicate Plague" command from the Orders menu. Disease risks within a city can be reduced through the construction of certain City Improvements, or by reducing the city's wastes from industry.

@@Towns, Suburbs and Villages
Medival settlements were much smaller and more unwholesome than their Ancient predecessors and had the habit of parasitating on the ruins of ancient building sites. Towns are smalller than cities but act as defendable sites in the provinces and as camps for gathering merchants and armies. They bear the flag of their sovereign and are worth controlling since they yield booty to their conquerors the first time they are sacked.
Suburbs are, as their name sugests, expansions of larger cities, made mostly for decorative purposes, but can aid in the logistics of army movement as units experience no movement penalty AT ALL when going from a city to its suburbs. 
Villages are poorly defended small settlements in the countryside that contribute to the tax income of a province and will cost their sovereign a great deal of money if they are left undefended and pillaged by the enemy raiders.

@@Roads
A network of good quality roads improves travel between cities. Roads were important to ancient civilizations for trade and the movement of troops. As technology grew, roads were improved. Roman, paved roads were passable in almost any type of weather, and could be traversed much more quickly than dirt roads.

Roads can be built by Serfs and Engineers by pressing the "R" key, or by selecting the "Build Road" command from the Orders menu. Roads can be built in any terrain except on sea; however, they cannot be built in a River square until the discovery of Bridge Building. Units moving along roads expend only one fourth of a movement point per square, regardless of terrain type. Roads also increase the amount of Trade produced by Deserts, Groves, Plains, and Steppes.

@@Science
The amount of scientific research contributed by a city is indicated by the candle icons shown in the Resource Chart of the City Display. At the start of each turn, the science output of each city is added to the research project currently in progress, eventually resulting in the discovery of a new Civilization Advance. The more candles each city produces, the faster new Advances are discovered. The amount of science produced by your civilization is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to science. This percentage can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu.

The science output of individual cities and your civilization as a whole can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Scientists.

@@Sentry
Units ordered to go on sentry duty appear as gray silhouettes. These units are removed from the movement queue, and remain on sentry duty until another unit moves into their sight range or until they are manually reactivated. Units on sentry duty inside a city are automatically loaded onto ships (up to the ship's unit carrying capacity) when the ship leaves the city.

Units are placed on sentry duty by pressing the "S" key, or by choosing the "Sentry" option on the Orders menu. Damaged units placed on sentry inside a city become active when they have been completely repaired.

@@Shields
The production of raw materials by your cities is represented by shield icons. Thus, raw materials are commonly referred to as "Shields". The number of Shields produced by each city is displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Shields are used to support units. Each unit might, depending on government type and other circumstances, require that its home city expend one Shield per turn to support the unit. Excess Shields not used to support units are used for the production of City Improvements, Wonders of the World, and new units.

Shield production largely depends on the type of terrain surrounding the city. In most circumstances, Shield production of a city can be increased through the construction of certain Improvements and Wonders. The construction of mines also improves Shield production in certain types of terrain.

@@Specialists
The citizen icons displayed in the Population Roster of the City Display represent the city's work force. Each citizen added to the roster is automatically put to work developing one of the terrain squares within the city radius. In certain situations it may become necessary to remove a citizen from terrain production in order to perform a specific task. Citizens so removed are called specialists. There are three types of specialist, each of which increases one of the three components of Trade produced by a city. Entertainers increase Luxuries, Tax Men increase Taxes, and Scientists increase Science production.

To create a specialist, click on any production square in the City Map. The production icons disappear from the square, and an Entertainer appears in the Population Roster. To create a Tax Man, click the Entertainer icon once. To create a Scientist, first create a Tax Man, then click the Tax Man icon once. Cities must be size five or larger to support Tax Men and Scientists.

@@Taxes
The Taxes collected by a city are indicated by gold coin icons in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Taxes are used primarily to pay the maintenance cost of City Improvements each turn. Any tax revenues not used for maintenance of Improvements are added to your treasury. The amount of Taxes generated by the city is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to Taxes. This can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option from the Kingdom menu.

Tax revenues can also be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Tax Men.

@@Trade
Trade represents more than just the exchange of goods and cash between cities and civilizations. Trade also represents the exchange of knowledge and ideas, and the recreational travel and activities of the citizens of your civilization. The total amount of Trade produced by each city is represented by double-arrow icons displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Trade is then broken down into three separate components: Taxes, Luxuries, and Science. The amount of Trade allocated to each of these areas is controlled by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option on the Kingdom menu.

Trade can be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World. It can also be increased through terrain improvements, and through the establishment of trade routes.

@@Trade Routes
Trade routes are established by moving a Merchant or Caravan unit into a city at least ten squares from the unit's home city. You receive an immediate cash payment on the turn that the route is established. On each ensuing turn, each city receives a Trade bonus for as long as the trade route exists. The farther apart the two cities are, the more valuable the trade route. Trade routes established with cities of a rival civilization tend to be more profitable than those established between friendly cities. Each city may have up to three active trade routes at any time.

When using the Advanced Trade rules, the value of a trade route is also affected by the type of goods traded. When trading a commodity that is demanded by the destination city, the trade route is much more profitable.

@@Veteran Units
The first Crusade was named the "Crusade of the Children" as the first group of enthusiasts who answered the pope's prayer were simple pilgrims. They took whatever weapons they could find and lacked even the most basic of military training. Before the crusaders could reach the Holy Land the pilgrims were decimated and scaterred without an actual fight which proved the importance of experience on the battlefield as far as the morale of the troops was concerned. History shows that well-trained, veteran soldiers are much more likely to survive a battle than inexperienced troops.

Units have a 50 percent chance of becoming Veterans each time they survive a combat encounter. Cities with Training Grounds automatically produce Veteran units, as do all Islamic cities under the banner of the "Jihad" Wonder. The attack and defense factors of Veteran units are increased by 50 percent.

@@Corruption and Waste
As your civilization grows, you might notice that some of your cities are losing some of their Trade and Shields to corruption and waste. Corruption is Trade income that is lost to theft, embezzlement, and other illegal practices. Waste is Shield production that is lost to inefficiency. The farther a city is from your capital, the more corruption and waste it experiences. The amount of corruption and waste is also affected by the system of government you are using.
 
Corruption and waste, if left unchecked, can significantly slow the development of your civilization. Both corruption and waste can be reduced by 50 percent by building a Dungeon in the city experiencing the problem. The best solution, however, is to switch your system of government to a more advanced form. The more advanced the government, the less corruption and waste you experience. The Islamic Caliphate and Sultanate alleviate this problem altogether.

@@Unhappiness Due to Civ Size
Once you have built a certain number of cities, your citizens start to worry about your ability to effectively govern your civilization. When this occurs, additional unhappy citizens appear in each city.

The number of cities you can build before causing additional unhappiness is based on a number of factors, including game difficulty level and government type. The number of cities is higher for more advanced governments and lower levels of difficulty.

@@Combat Damage
It is now possible for units to be damaged as a result of combat. In each successful attack, a unit inflicts an amount of damage equal to its Firepower rating. The amount of damage a unit can sustain before it is destroyed is determined by multiplying the unit's Hit Point rating by ten.

The approximate amount of damage a unit has sustained can be determined by the length and color of the unit's damage bar (the colored bar at the top of the unit's shield symbol). A green bar indicates that the unit has lost from 0 to 33 percent of its Hit Points, a yellow bar shows that the unit has lost from 34 to 66 percent, and a red bar indicates that it has lost 67 percent or more.

Damage also affects the movement of a unit. The percentage of movement lost is equivalent to the percentage of Hit Points lost. Sea units can never have their movement reduced below two. The movement of air units is not affected by damage.

@@Transforming Terrain
In addition to the changes to Terrain that can be made through irrigation and mining, Master Engineers are able to transform map squares into a radically different Terrain type by using the "Transform" command on the Orders menu. Terrain transformation is particularly useful if the Terrain surrounding a city doesn't produce sufficient resources.

See the Civilopedia entries for each Terrain type for the results of Engineer transformation.

@@Mercenary Camps, Ruins and Impassable Terrain
Mercenary Camps appear on the map as tents and are only important when visited as they generate a unit of mercenary cavalry in exchange for 150 gold crowns. It is your choice weather these mercenaries suite your needs or not.
Ruins are very few, well guarded and hidden on the map as they can have an enormous benefit to their discoverers. They can either trigger the appearance of a sacred relic (caravan) or gold treasure, some mercenaries, a new settlement or the parchments of a long forgotten invention. However, in rare ocasions they can be guarded by Beduin or Mongol tribes who will fight you for tresspassing on their teritory.
Impassable Terrain is invisible on the map but you will undoubtedly notice it when you won't be able to get through. It lies on certain large rivers that played as a barrier in history as well or on the highest mountain tops.

@@Storms and Disasters
At some points in the game you will receive a message telling you that a storm occured by sea or that a disaster has striken near a city. These happenings are triggered by the "Events" file and are ment to add a little flavour to the game. 

Let's say, for example that you get a message about a storm in the Western Mediterranean. That means that all ships cought out to sea in that area are sunk and you should try to prevent that by always anchoring your ships near the coast at every end of turn.

@@City Squares
;Translation Note: This refers to the map squares occupied by cities, not "Town Squares".
The resources utilized by a city are not only generated in the squares surrounding the city: they are also generated by the city square itself. The city square generates all the resources normally produced by the Terrain type on which the city is built. In addition, the Terrain square occupied by the city is improved to the maximum extent possible. The city square automatically contains a road. The city square is also automatically irrigated or mined, depending on the type of terrain. Finally, if the city is built on Terrain that normally produces no Shields, one Shield is automatically added to the other resources generated in the city square. These enhancements ensure that the city square produces the maximum amount of resources possible.


@This must be here to terminate search!!!
